What is Cancer?
Cancer refers to a group of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells. If the spread is not controlled, it can result in death. Cancer can affect almost any part of the body and can spread to other areas, a process known as
metastasis. The growths of these abnormal cells are called tumors, which can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).
How Does Cancer Develop?
Cancer development is a multi-step process that occurs over time. It typically begins with genetic mutations in a single cell. These mutations can be inherited or acquired during a person's lifetime due to exposure to various
carcinogens such as tobacco smoke, radiation, and certain chemicals. Once a cell acquires enough mutations, it may start to proliferate uncontrollably.
Initiation: This is the first stage where a normal cell undergoes a genetic mutation.
Promotion: During this stage, the mutated cell is stimulated to divide and proliferate.
Progression: In this stage, the proliferating cells acquire additional mutations that make them more aggressive and invasive.
Metastasis: This final stage involves the spread of cancer cells from the original site to other parts of the body.
Genetics: Family history of certain cancers can increase risk.
Lifestyle Factors: Smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, poor diet, and lack of physical activity.
Environmental Exposures: Exposure to carcinogens like asbestos, UV radiation, and certain chemicals.
Infections: Certain viruses (e.g., HPV, HBV) and bacteria can contribute to cancer development.
Imaging Tests: Methods such as X-rays, CT scans, and MRIs.
Biopsy: Taking a sample of tissue for examination under a microscope.
Blood Tests: Detecting specific
biomarkers that indicate cancer.
Surgery: Removing the tumor and surrounding tissue.
Radiation Therapy: Using high doses of radiation to kill cancer cells.
Chemotherapy: Using drugs to kill or stop the growth of cancer cells.
Immunotherapy: Boosting the body's immune system to fight cancer.
Targeted Therapy: Using drugs that target specific molecules involved in cancer growth.
Avoiding known carcinogens (e.g., tobacco, excessive sun exposure).
Maintaining a healthy lifestyle (e.g., balanced diet, regular exercise).
Regular screenings and check-ups for early detection.
Vaccinations for cancer-associated infections (e.g., HPV, HBV).
