What is Chronic Hepatitis?
Chronic hepatitis is a long-term inflammation of the liver, usually caused by a persistent viral infection such as
Hepatitis B or
Hepatitis C. Unlike acute hepatitis, which resolves within six months, chronic hepatitis remains in the body for years and can lead to severe liver damage.
Who is at Risk?
Individuals who are chronic carriers of hepatitis B or C are at a significantly higher risk of developing liver cancer. Other risk factors include heavy alcohol consumption, co-infection with
HIV, and a family history of liver disease or cancer. Lifestyle factors such as obesity and
diabetes can also exacerbate the risk.
Signs and Symptoms
Early stages of chronic hepatitis and liver cancer may be asymptomatic. Symptoms, when they appear, can include fatigue, weight loss, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), abdominal pain, and swelling. By the time symptoms become noticeable, the disease may already be at an advanced stage.Diagnosis
Diagnosis of chronic hepatitis involves blood tests to detect the presence of hepatitis B or C viruses. Imaging studies such as
ultrasound,
CT scans, and
MRI can identify liver damage or masses indicative of cancer. A liver biopsy may be performed to confirm the diagnosis.
Treatment Options
Treatment for chronic hepatitis aims to reduce liver inflammation and prevent progression to cirrhosis or cancer. Antiviral medications are commonly used to manage hepatitis B and C. For those who develop liver cancer, treatment options include surgery,
radiation therapy,
chemotherapy, and targeted therapy. Liver transplantation may be considered in severe cases.
Prevention
Vaccination against hepatitis B is a critical preventive measure. There is currently no vaccine for hepatitis C, but early detection and treatment can significantly reduce the risk of developing liver cancer. Practicing safe behaviors, such as avoiding needle sharing and unprotected sex, can also prevent infection. Regular screening for those at high risk can detect liver abnormalities at an early, more treatable stage.Future Perspectives
Research is ongoing to develop more effective treatments and vaccines for hepatitis B and C. Advances in
genomic medicine and targeted therapies hold promise for better management of liver cancer. Public health initiatives aimed at reducing the prevalence of hepatitis infections are crucial in lowering the incidence of liver cancer worldwide.
