What is Colorectal Cancer?
Colorectal cancer is a type of cancer that begins in the colon or the rectum. It is sometimes referred to as colon cancer or rectal cancer, depending on where it starts. This type of cancer typically develops from benign polyps that can become cancerous over time.
Why is Screening Important?
Screening for colorectal cancer is crucial because it can detect the disease at an early stage when it is more treatable and the survival rates are higher. Early detection through screening can also identify precancerous polyps, allowing for their removal before they turn into cancer.
Who Should Get Screened?
Generally, it is recommended that individuals start colorectal cancer screening at age 45. However, those with a higher risk, such as a family history of colorectal cancer or inherited conditions like Lynch syndrome, may need to begin screening earlier. It is important to discuss individual risks and screening schedules with a healthcare provider.
1. Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT) and Fecal Immunochemical Test (FIT): These tests check for hidden blood in the stool, which can be an early sign of cancer.
2. Colonoscopy: This is a comprehensive test where a long, flexible tube with a camera is used to examine the entire colon and rectum. It allows for the removal of polyps during the procedure.
3. Sigmoidoscopy: Similar to a colonoscopy, but it only examines the lower part of the colon and rectum.
4. CT Colonography: Also known as virtual colonoscopy, this test uses CT scanning to create images of the colon and rectum.
5. Stool DNA Test: This test checks for specific DNA mutations in stool samples that may indicate the presence of cancer or polyps.
- FOBT/FIT: Annually
- Colonoscopy: Every 10 years
- Sigmoidoscopy: Every 5 years
- CT Colonography: Every 5 years
- Stool DNA Test: Every 3 years
Those with higher risk may require more frequent screening.
- Colonoscopy and Sigmoidoscopy: Risk of bleeding, perforation of the colon, and adverse reactions to sedation.
- CT Colonography: Exposure to a small amount of radiation.
- FOBT/FIT and Stool DNA Test: Possibility of false positives or negatives, leading to unnecessary worry or a delayed diagnosis.
How to Prepare for Screening?
Preparation varies depending on the type of test. For a colonoscopy, patients typically need to follow a special diet and take a strong laxative to clear the bowel. For stool-based tests, patients usually need to collect a sample at home and send it to a lab.
What If the Results Are Positive?
A positive result does not necessarily mean cancer. It indicates the need for further testing, usually a colonoscopy, to determine the cause of the abnormal result. Early detection is vital for effective treatment and better outcomes.
Conclusion
Colorectal cancer screening is a vital tool in the early detection and prevention of cancer. Understanding the different types of screening tests, knowing when and how often to get screened, and being aware of the risks and preparation involved can help individuals make informed decisions about their health. Always consult with a healthcare provider to tailor the screening plan to your individual needs and risk factors.
