What is Cryptorchidism?
Cryptorchidism, also known as undescended testicles, is a condition where one or both of a male infant's testicles have not moved down into the scrotal sac. Normally, testicles descend into the scrotum before birth, but in some cases, this process does not occur. This condition is relatively common, affecting about 1-4% of full-term and approximately 30% of preterm male infants.
How is Cryptorchidism Linked to Cancer?
The most significant concern regarding cryptorchidism is its association with an increased risk of
testicular cancer. Men with a history of undescended testicles are estimated to have a 4-10 times higher risk of developing testicular cancer compared to the general population. The risk persists even if the condition is corrected surgically through
orchiopexy.
How is Cryptorchidism Diagnosed?
Cryptorchidism is usually diagnosed during a physical examination shortly after birth. If the testicles are not palpable, imaging studies such as
ultrasound or MRI may be used to locate the undescended testicle. In some cases, exploratory surgery may be necessary.
What are the Treatment Options for Cryptorchidism?
The standard treatment for cryptorchidism is surgical correction, known as orchiopexy, which is typically performed between 6 months and 2 years of age. Early treatment is recommended to reduce the risk of complications, including
infertility and testicular cancer. Hormonal therapy, using human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) or luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH), has been explored but is less commonly used.
Can Cryptorchidism be Prevented?
There are no known methods to prevent cryptorchidism. However, early detection and treatment are crucial in minimizing the risk of long-term complications. Regular pediatric check-ups and prompt referral to a specialist if cryptorchidism is suspected are essential steps in managing the condition effectively.
What is the Prognosis for Individuals with Cryptorchidism?
With early diagnosis and treatment, the prognosis for individuals with cryptorchidism is generally good. Surgical correction can significantly reduce the risk of infertility and testicular cancer. However, even after orchiopexy, individuals should undergo regular testicular examinations and follow-up to monitor for potential complications.
