What are DNA Lesions?
DNA lesions are alterations in the DNA structure that can be caused by various factors such as environmental agents, metabolic by-products, and replication errors. These changes can range from single-strand breaks to more complex double-strand breaks and crosslinks.
How Do DNA Lesions Lead to Cancer?
DNA lesions can compromise the integrity of the genome. If not properly repaired, they can result in mutations. Accumulation of such mutations can activate oncogenes or inactivate
tumor suppressor genes, leading to uncontrolled cell proliferation and cancer.
Types of DNA Lesions
There are several types of DNA lesions, including:DNA Repair Mechanisms
The cell has several mechanisms to repair DNA lesions, including:Why DNA Repair Fails in Cancer Cells
Cancer cells often have defective DNA repair mechanisms. Mutations in genes responsible for DNA repair, such as
BRCA1 and BRCA2, can lead to an accumulation of DNA lesions and increase the risk of cancer. Additionally, overexpression of
oncogenes can also interfere with normal DNA repair processes.
DNA Lesions as Targets for Cancer Therapy
Many cancer therapies aim to exploit the defective DNA repair mechanisms in cancer cells.
Chemotherapy and
radiation therapy induce DNA damage, which cancer cells are less capable of repairing. Additionally, targeted therapies such as
PARP inhibitors specifically exploit deficiencies in DNA repair pathways to selectively kill cancer cells.
Prevention and Early Detection
Understanding the role of DNA lesions in cancer can also aid in prevention and early detection. Avoiding exposure to
carcinogens and maintaining a healthy lifestyle can minimize DNA damage. Early detection of DNA repair deficiencies through genetic testing can help in taking preventive measures and initiating early treatment.
Future Directions
Research is ongoing to better understand the complex interactions between DNA lesions and cancer. Advances in
genomic technologies and
biomarker discovery hold promise for more accurate diagnosis, effective treatments, and personalized cancer therapy.
