What are Extrapyramidal Symptoms?
Extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) refer to a group of movement disorders that result from the disruption of the extrapyramidal system, which is part of the central nervous system. This system is responsible for regulating motor control and coordination. EPS can manifest as tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia (slowness of movement), and involuntary muscle contractions.
1.
Antipsychotics: These are often used to manage
cancer-related nausea and vomiting. Drugs like
prochlorperazine and
metoclopramide can lead to EPS.
2.
Chemotherapy: Certain chemotherapeutic agents, such as
cisplatin and
ifosfamide, have been reported to cause EPS.
3.
Radiation Therapy: Radiation therapy, particularly when targeting brain tumors, can occasionally result in neurological side effects, including EPS.
- Tremors: Involuntary shaking, often starting in the hands.
- Rigidity: Stiffness and inflexibility of the muscles.
- Bradykinesia: Slowness in initiating and executing movements.
- Dystonia: Muscle contractions leading to abnormal postures.
- Akathisia: A state of restlessness and an urge to move.
How are Extrapyramidal Symptoms Diagnosed in Cancer Patients?
Diagnosis of EPS in cancer patients involves a combination of clinical evaluation and patient history. Neurological examinations are essential to identify the characteristic signs of EPS. In some cases, additional tests like MRI or CT scans may be required to rule out other causes.
1.
Medication Adjustment: If EPS is caused by a specific medication, adjusting the dose or switching to an alternative medication may help alleviate symptoms.
2.
Anticholinergic Drugs: Medications such as
benztropine and
trihexyphenidyl can be used to manage EPS.
3.
Supportive Therapies: Physical therapy and occupational therapy can assist in maintaining mobility and function.
4.
Patient Education: Educating patients and caregivers about EPS and its management is crucial for improving quality of life.
- Careful Medication Selection: Choosing medications with a lower risk of causing EPS.
- Monitoring: Regular monitoring for early signs of EPS can help in prompt intervention.
- Dose Management: Using the lowest effective doses of medications known to cause EPS.
