What are Genes and Their Functions?
Genes are basic units of heredity made up of DNA. They contain instructions for making proteins, which perform most life functions and make up the majority of cellular structures. Proper gene function ensures normal cell growth, division, and repair. However, when these genes are altered or mutated, it can lead to cancer.
Oncogenes, when mutated, become permanently activated and promote uncontrolled cell division. Tumor suppressor genes, on the other hand, typically control cell growth and division. When these genes are inactivated or lost through mutations, cells can grow uncontrollably, leading to cancer.
What are the Types of Mutations?
Mutations can be inherited or acquired.
Inherited mutations are passed from parents to offspring and are present in every cell of the body. Acquired mutations occur during a person’s life and are not passed to offspring. These can be caused by environmental factors such as
radiation,
chemicals, or even lifestyle choices like smoking.
What Role do Oncogenes Play?
Oncogenes are mutated versions of
proto-oncogenes, which are normal genes involved in cell growth and division. When proto-oncogenes are mutated, they become oncogenes and can cause cells to divide uncontrollably. Examples of oncogenes include
HER2 and
RAS.
What are Tumor Suppressor Genes?
Tumor suppressor genes act as the brakes on cell division. When these genes are lost or inactivated, the regulation of cell growth is disrupted. Important tumor suppressor genes include
TP53 and
RB1. The loss of function of these genes can contribute to the progression of cancer.
How do DNA Repair Genes Contribute to Cancer?
DNA repair genes fix mutations that occur during cell division. If these genes are mutated, the cell cannot repair DNA damage efficiently, leading to the accumulation of further mutations.
BRCA1 and
BRCA2 are examples of DNA repair genes. Mutations in these genes significantly increase the risk of breast and ovarian cancers.
How do Targeted Therapies Work?
Targeted therapies are designed to specifically target genetic changes in cancer cells. By focusing on specific mutations, these therapies can inhibit the function of oncogenes or restore the function of tumor suppressor genes. Examples include
tyrosine kinase inhibitors and
monoclonal antibodies, which are used to treat various cancers by targeting specific pathways involved in cancer cell growth.
Conclusion
Understanding the role of gene functions in cancer helps in the development of more effective treatments. By targeting the specific genetic mutations that drive cancer, therapies can become more personalized and efficient, offering hope for better outcomes for patients.
