What is Cancer Investigation?
Cancer investigation refers to the process of diagnosing and understanding the nature, extent, and specific characteristics of cancer within a patient. This involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, laboratory tests, imaging studies, and biopsies.
Physical Examination: Doctors look for lumps, skin changes, and other abnormalities.
Laboratory Tests: Blood, urine, and other fluid tests can reveal markers or abnormalities indicative of cancer.
Imaging Studies: Techniques like X-rays, CT scans, MRIs, and PET scans help visualize tumors.
Biopsy: A sample of tissue is taken and examined under a microscope to confirm the presence of cancer cells.
How Do Imaging Studies Assist in Cancer Diagnosis?
Imaging studies are crucial as they allow doctors to see the internal structures of the body. For instance, a
CT scan provides detailed cross-sectional images, while a
MRI uses magnetic fields to produce detailed images of soft tissues.
PET scans can detect metabolic activity and help identify cancerous cells.
What is the Role of Biopsy in Cancer Diagnosis?
A
biopsy involves extracting a sample of tissue from the suspected area. This tissue is then analyzed under a microscope by a pathologist to look for cancer cells. Biopsies can be performed using various techniques, including needle biopsy, endoscopic biopsy, and surgical biopsy.
How Do Genetic Tests Contribute?
Genetic tests can identify specific mutations that drive cancer growth. These tests can help in
personalizing treatment by identifying targeted therapies that would be most effective for the patient's specific cancer type. They can also predict the likelihood of cancer recurrence.
What Are Tumor Markers?
Tumor markers are substances, often proteins, produced by cancer cells or by the body in response to cancer. These can be detected in blood, urine, or tissues and help in diagnosing and monitoring the progress of cancer. Common tumor markers include PSA for prostate cancer and CA-125 for ovarian cancer.
What is Staging and Why is it Important?
Staging determines the extent of cancer spread in the body. It helps guide treatment decisions and predict prognosis. Common staging systems include the TNM system, which assesses the size of the tumor (T), involvement of lymph nodes (N), and the presence of metastasis (M).
How is Cancer Monitored During Treatment?
During treatment, cancer is monitored through follow-up imaging studies, blood tests, and physical exams to check how well the treatment is working. Adjustments to the treatment plan may be made based on these findings. Monitoring helps in early detection of any recurrence.
