What is Cancer?
Cancer is a group of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells. If the spread is not controlled, it can result in death. Cancer can occur almost anywhere in the body, and it manifests in over a hundred different types.
What Causes Cancer?
Cancer is caused by changes (mutations) to the DNA within cells. These mutations can be inherited, but more commonly they are acquired through environmental exposures such as
tobacco smoke,
radiation, certain chemicals, and infection-causing viruses. Other factors include obesity, lack of physical activity, and poor diet.
What are Common Symptoms of Cancer?
Symptoms of cancer vary depending on the type and location of the cancer. Common symptoms include unexplained weight loss, fatigue, pain, skin changes, changes in bowel or bladder habits, persistent cough, and unusual bleeding or discharge. Early detection through regular
screening is crucial for successful treatment.
How is Cancer Diagnosed?
Diagnosis involves a combination of methods. Initial assessment may include a physical examination and review of patient history. Diagnostic tests can include
imaging techniques such as X-rays, CT scans, and MRIs, blood tests, and
biopsies where a sample of tissue is examined under a microscope.
What is the Role of Genetics in Cancer?
Genetic mutations can significantly increase the risk of certain cancers. For instance,
BRCA1 and
BRCA2 gene mutations are linked to a higher risk of breast and ovarian cancers. Genetic testing can help identify individuals at high risk, allowing for preventive measures or early intervention.
How Can Cancer Be Prevented?
While not all cancers can be prevented, the risk can be reduced through lifestyle changes. Avoiding tobacco, limiting alcohol, protecting skin from excessive sun exposure, maintaining a healthy weight, staying physically active, and eating a balanced diet rich in fruits and vegetables can lower the risk. Vaccinations against cancer-causing viruses like
HPV and
Hepatitis B are also effective preventive measures.
What is Palliative Care?
Palliative care is specialized medical care focused on providing relief from the symptoms and stress of a serious illness like cancer. The goal is to improve the quality of life for both the patient and their family. It can be provided alongside curative treatment and includes pain management, emotional support, and assistance with decision-making.
How Does Cancer Affect Mental Health?
A cancer diagnosis can have a significant impact on mental health, leading to anxiety, depression, and emotional distress. Support from mental health professionals, support groups, and counseling can help patients and families cope with the psychological aspects of cancer.
What is Survivorship?
Survivorship refers to the phase of care following the completion of initial cancer treatment. It includes monitoring for recurrence, managing long-term side effects, and addressing psychosocial issues. Survivorship care plans are essential to ensure ongoing health and quality of life for cancer survivors.
