What is Sigmoidoscopy?
Sigmoidoscopy is a medical procedure used to examine the lower part of the large intestine, specifically the sigmoid colon and rectum. It involves the use of a flexible tube with a light and camera, called a sigmoidoscope, which is inserted through the anus. This procedure allows doctors to detect
abnormalities such as
polyps,
tumors, and other signs of
colorectal cancer.
How is Sigmoidoscopy Performed?
During a sigmoidoscopy, the patient lies on their side on an examination table. The doctor gently inserts the sigmoidoscope into the rectum and advances it into the sigmoid colon. Air may be pumped through the tube to inflate the colon slightly, providing a better view of the intestinal walls. The camera transmits images to a monitor, allowing the doctor to examine the lining of the colon for any abnormalities. The procedure typically lasts about 10-20 minutes and may cause some
discomfort, but it is usually not painful.
Why is Sigmoidoscopy Important for Cancer Detection?
Sigmoidoscopy is a crucial tool for the early detection of colorectal cancer. By identifying and removing polyps before they become cancerous, the procedure can significantly reduce the risk of developing cancer. Early detection also means that if cancer is present, it is more likely to be at an
early stage and more treatable. Studies have shown that regular sigmoidoscopy screenings can reduce colorectal cancer mortality by up to 60%.
Who Should Get a Sigmoidoscopy?
Sigmoidoscopy is recommended for individuals over the age of 50 as part of regular colorectal cancer screening. Those with a family history of colorectal cancer or
inflammatory bowel disease may need to start screening earlier. Additionally, individuals experiencing symptoms such as
rectal bleeding, unexplained weight loss, or persistent changes in bowel habits should consult their doctor about undergoing a sigmoidoscopy.
What Are the Risks and Limitations?
While sigmoidoscopy is generally safe, it does carry some risks, including
bleeding, infection, and perforation of the colon. However, these complications are rare. One limitation of sigmoidoscopy is that it only examines the lower part of the colon, meaning it may miss abnormalities in the upper colon. For a more comprehensive examination, a
colonoscopy may be recommended.
How to Prepare for a Sigmoidoscopy?
Preparation for a sigmoidoscopy typically involves following a
clear liquid diet for 24 hours before the procedure and taking a prescribed
laxative to empty the colon. Patients should inform their doctor of any medications they are taking, as some may need to be adjusted. Detailed instructions will be provided by the healthcare provider to ensure the colon is adequately prepared for the examination.
What Happens After the Procedure?
After a sigmoidoscopy, patients can usually resume their normal activities immediately. Some may experience mild bloating or cramping, which should subside within a few hours. If polyps or other suspicious areas are found, a biopsy may be taken for further analysis. Results are typically available within a few days, and the doctor will discuss any findings and potential next steps with the patient.
Conclusion
Sigmoidoscopy is a valuable procedure in the detection and prevention of colorectal cancer. It allows for the early identification and removal of polyps, reducing the risk of cancer development. While it has some limitations and risks, the benefits of regular screening far outweigh these concerns. Individuals over 50 or those with risk factors should consider discussing sigmoidoscopy with their healthcare provider as part of their routine cancer screening regimen.
