How does chemotherapy work?
Chemotherapy involves the use of potent drugs to destroy rapidly dividing cancer cells. These drugs can be administered orally, intravenously, or through other routes. The goal is to interrupt the cell cycle, ultimately leading to cancer cell death. However, chemotherapy can also affect healthy cells that divide quickly, leading to side effects like hair loss, nausea, and fatigue.
What is radiation therapy?
Radiation therapy uses high-energy particles or waves, such as X-rays, gamma rays, or proton beams, to target and kill cancer cells. This therapy can be delivered externally or internally (brachytherapy). The precision of radiation therapy minimizes damage to surrounding healthy tissues, making it a valuable option for localized cancers.
What role does surgery play in cancer treatment?
Surgery aims to remove the tumor and, in some cases, nearby lymph nodes or tissues. It is often the first line of treatment for solid tumors and can be curative if the cancer is localized and detected early. Advanced surgical techniques, such as minimally invasive surgery and robotic-assisted procedures, enhance precision and reduce recovery times.
How does immunotherapy work?
Immunotherapy harnesses the body's immune system to fight cancer. It includes treatments like
checkpoint inhibitors, which block proteins that prevent immune cells from attacking cancer cells, and
CAR T-cell therapy, which involves modifying a patient's T-cells to better recognize and kill cancer cells. Immunotherapy has shown promising results in various cancer types, including melanoma and certain lung cancers.
How does hormone therapy work?
Hormone therapy is used to treat cancers that rely on hormones for growth, such as breast and prostate cancers. It works by blocking the body's ability to produce hormones or by interfering with the action of hormones on cancer cells. This treatment can be administered in various forms, including oral medications, injections, or surgical removal of hormone-producing organs.
What factors determine the choice of therapy?
The choice of cancer therapy is influenced by multiple factors, including the type and stage of cancer, the patient's overall health, genetic mutations present in the cancer, and previous treatments. A multidisciplinary team of oncologists, surgeons, radiologists, and other specialists collaboratively determine the most effective treatment plan.
Are combination therapies common?
Yes, combination therapies are often used to enhance treatment efficacy and overcome resistance to single-agent therapies. For example, chemotherapy may be combined with radiation therapy or immunotherapy to attack cancer cells through different mechanisms simultaneously. Clinical trials frequently explore new combinations to improve patient outcomes.
How can patients access specialized cancer therapies?
Patients can access specialized cancer therapies through comprehensive cancer centers, which offer multidisciplinary care and cutting-edge treatments. Participation in clinical trials also provides access to novel therapies under investigation. It is essential for patients to discuss all available options with their healthcare providers to make informed decisions about their treatment.
