Stomach Cancer - Cancer Science

What is Stomach Cancer?

Stomach cancer, also known as gastric cancer, is a type of cancer that begins in the stomach. The stomach is a muscular sac located in the upper middle of the abdomen, just below the ribs. It is part of the digestive system, which processes swallowed food. Gastric cancer typically starts in the cells of the stomach lining and can spread to other parts of the body.

What are the Symptoms of Stomach Cancer?

Symptoms of stomach cancer can be vague and easily mistaken for other conditions. Some common symptoms include:

Indigestion or heartburn
Feeling bloated after eating
Nausea and vomiting
Loss of appetite
Stomach pain
Unintended weight loss
Difficulty swallowing

It's important to note that these symptoms can also be caused by other, less serious medical conditions. Therefore, persistent symptoms should be evaluated by a healthcare provider.

What Causes Stomach Cancer?

The exact cause of stomach cancer is unknown, but several risk factors can increase the likelihood of developing the disease. These include:

Infection with the bacterium Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)
Long-term inflammation of the stomach
Smoking
Family history of stomach cancer
Diet high in salty and smoked foods
Diet low in fruits and vegetables

How is Stomach Cancer Diagnosed?

Diagnosis of stomach cancer usually involves several steps. Initially, a healthcare provider will take a medical history and perform a physical examination. If stomach cancer is suspected, further tests may include:

Endoscopy: A thin, flexible tube with a camera (endoscope) is inserted through the mouth to examine the stomach lining.
Biopsy: During an endoscopy, a small sample of stomach tissue may be taken for laboratory analysis.
Imaging tests: Tests such as CT scans, PET scans, and X-rays can help visualize the stomach and detect cancer spread.

What are the Treatment Options for Stomach Cancer?

Treatment for stomach cancer depends on the stage of the cancer, the location, and the patient's overall health. Common treatment options include:

Surgery: The goal of surgery is to remove the cancerous tissue. This may involve partial or total removal of the stomach (gastrectomy).
Chemotherapy: Uses drugs to kill cancer cells. It can be given before surgery (neoadjuvant chemotherapy) or after surgery (adjuvant chemotherapy).
Radiation therapy: Uses high-energy rays to kill cancer cells. It can be used in combination with chemotherapy.
Targeted therapy: Uses drugs that specifically target cancer cells without affecting normal cells.
Immunotherapy: Helps the immune system recognize and attack cancer cells.

Can Stomach Cancer be Prevented?

While there is no sure way to prevent stomach cancer, certain lifestyle changes can reduce the risk. These include:

Eating a healthy diet rich in fruits and vegetables
Reducing intake of salty and smoked foods
Quitting smoking
Maintaining a healthy weight
Treating H. pylori infections

What is the Prognosis for Stomach Cancer?

The prognosis for stomach cancer depends on several factors, including the stage at diagnosis, the patient's overall health, and how well the cancer responds to treatment. Early-stage stomach cancer has a better prognosis compared to advanced-stage cancer. Regular follow-up and monitoring are essential for managing the disease and improving outcomes.

Where Can I Find More Information?

For more information on stomach cancer, consult reputable sources such as the American Cancer Society, the National Cancer Institute, and the World Health Organization. These organizations provide detailed information on symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and ongoing research.