What are the Common Symptoms of Cancer?
Cancer can manifest with a variety of symptoms, many of which are often nonspecific and can be attributed to other conditions. However, awareness of these symptoms is crucial for early detection. Some common
symptoms include:
Unexplained weight loss
Persistent fatigue
Chronic pain
Changes in skin appearance (e.g., yellowing, darkening, or redness)
Unusual bleeding or discharge
Persistent cough or hoarseness
Changes in bowel or bladder habits
Difficulty swallowing or persistent indigestion
Lumps or swelling in the body
It's important to note that these symptoms can vary significantly depending on the type and location of the cancer.
When Should I See a Doctor?
If you experience any of the aforementioned symptoms persistently or if they worsen over time, it is essential to consult a healthcare provider. Early consultation can lead to early
detection and more effective treatment. Specifically, seek medical advice if you notice:
A new lump or growth that doesn't go away
Changes in a mole or skin lesion
Unexplained weight loss without changes in diet or exercise
Persistent pain in a specific area
How is Cancer Diagnosed?
Diagnosing cancer typically involves multiple steps and a variety of tests. The process usually begins with a thorough medical history and physical examination. Depending on the findings, further
diagnostic tests may be recommended.
Imaging Tests
Imaging tests are commonly used to visualize the inside of the body and identify abnormal growths or tumors. Some common imaging tests include:
X-rays CT scans (Computed Tomography)
MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
Ultrasound
PET scans (Positron Emission Tomography)
Biopsy
A biopsy involves removing a small sample of tissue from the suspected cancer site for microscopic examination. This is one of the most definitive ways to diagnose cancer. Types of biopsies include:
Needle biopsy
Incisional biopsy
Excisional biopsy
Endoscopic biopsy
Laboratory Tests
Blood, urine, and other bodily fluids can be analyzed to detect
biomarkers that may indicate the presence of cancer. Common lab tests include:
Complete blood count (CBC)
Tumor marker tests
Genetic tests
What are Tumor Markers?
Tumor markers are substances, often proteins, produced by cancer cells or by the body in response to cancer. Elevated levels of these markers in the blood can indicate the presence of cancer, although they are not definitively diagnostic on their own. Examples of tumor markers include:
PSA (Prostate-Specific Antigen) for prostate cancer
CA-125 for ovarian cancer
AFP (Alpha-Fetoprotein) for liver cancer
CA 19-9 for pancreatic cancer
Identifying individuals at high risk
Guiding treatment decisions
Determining the likelihood of cancer recurrence
Examples of genetic tests include BRCA1 and BRCA2 for breast and ovarian cancer risk, and Lynch syndrome testing for colorectal cancer.
What is Staging and Why is it Important?
Staging describes the extent of cancer within the body, including the size of the tumor, whether it has spread to lymph nodes, and whether it has metastasized to other organs. Accurate
staging is critical for determining the most appropriate treatment plan and predicting prognosis. Common staging systems include:
TNM system (Tumor, Node, Metastasis)
Number staging (Stage 0-4)
Conclusion
Early detection and diagnosis of cancer significantly improve the chances of successful treatment and survival. Awareness of symptoms and timely medical consultation are key. If you experience any persistent or unusual symptoms, do not hesitate to seek medical advice. Remember, regular screenings and understanding your risk factors can play a vital role in catching cancer early.
