What is Abnormal Uterine Bleeding?
Abnormal Uterine Bleeding (AUB) refers to any bleeding from the uterus that occurs outside of the regular menstrual cycle. This can include
heavy menstrual bleeding, bleeding between periods, or bleeding after menopause. While AUB can have many benign causes, it can also be a symptom of serious conditions, including
uterine cancer.
How is Abnormal Uterine Bleeding Related to Cancer?
AUB can be a warning sign for several types of cancers, most notably
endometrial cancer. Endometrial cancer affects the lining of the uterus and is one of the most common gynecologic cancers in postmenopausal women. Cervical cancer and, less commonly, ovarian cancer can also present with abnormal bleeding.
Who is at Risk?
Risk factors for cancer-related AUB include being over the age of 50, obesity, a history of
polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), prolonged use of estrogen without progesterone, and a family history of endometrial or colorectal cancer. Women who have never been pregnant or who began menstruating at an early age may also be at higher risk.
What are the Symptoms to Watch For?
Symptoms of AUB that may be related to cancer include postmenopausal bleeding, bleeding between periods, and unusually heavy or prolonged menstrual periods. Other associated symptoms could be pelvic pain, weight loss, and fatigue. If you experience any of these symptoms, it is crucial to see a healthcare provider for further evaluation.
How is the Diagnosis Made?
Diagnosis of AUB often begins with a detailed medical history and physical examination. Tests may include
transvaginal ultrasound, which can visualize the thickness of the endometrial lining, and an
endometrial biopsy to collect tissue samples for microscopic examination. In some cases, a hysteroscopy may be performed to allow direct visualization of the uterine cavity.
What Treatment Options are Available?
The treatment for AUB depends on its underlying cause. If cancer is diagnosed, treatment may include surgery, such as a
hysterectomy, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or targeted therapy. For benign causes of AUB, treatment options can range from hormonal therapies to minimally invasive surgical procedures.
Can Abnormal Uterine Bleeding be Prevented?
While not all cases of AUB can be prevented, maintaining a healthy weight, managing conditions like PCOS, and using hormonal contraceptives as advised by a healthcare provider can help reduce the risk. Regular pelvic exams and reporting any unusual bleeding to your doctor promptly can also aid in early detection and treatment.
When Should You See a Doctor?
It is essential to consult a healthcare provider if you experience any form of abnormal uterine bleeding, especially postmenopausal bleeding. Early evaluation can lead to early diagnosis and treatment, which is crucial for better outcomes, particularly if the cause is cancer.
