Leukapheresis is a medical procedure that involves the removal of white blood cells (leukocytes) from a patient's blood. This is typically done using a machine that separates the blood components, allowing the selective removal of leukocytes while returning the remaining blood components back to the patient.
Leukapheresis can be used in the context of cancer for several reasons. It is often employed to reduce a high white blood cell count in patients with certain types of leukemia, such as
chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) or
acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). By lowering the white blood cell count, leukapheresis can help alleviate symptoms and prevent complications such as
leukostasis, which can cause blood flow issues and organ damage.
During leukapheresis, blood is drawn from the patient through a needle inserted into a vein in the arm or through a central venous catheter. The blood then passes through an apheresis machine, which uses a centrifuge to separate the blood into its components. The leukocytes are collected in a separate bag, while the remaining blood components, including
red blood cells and
plasma, are returned to the patient.
In addition to treating high white blood cell counts in leukemia patients, leukapheresis is also indicated for:
Like any medical procedure, leukapheresis carries some risks and potential side effects. Common side effects include dizziness, fatigue, and
hypocalcemia due to the use of
citrate as an anticoagulant. Serious complications are rare but may include infection, bleeding, and reactions to the anticoagulant.
The effectiveness of leukapheresis can vary depending on the specific clinical situation. It is generally considered effective for quickly reducing high white blood cell counts and managing related complications. However, it is often used as a supportive treatment rather than a standalone therapy, and its benefits are typically temporary. The underlying cancer usually requires additional treatment such as
chemotherapy or
targeted therapy.
Patients undergoing leukapheresis can expect the procedure to last several hours. They will be monitored for any adverse reactions during the process. After the procedure, patients can usually resume normal activities, although they may feel tired and should take it easy for the rest of the day. Follow-up care will depend on the underlying condition and the overall treatment plan.
