What is Liver Cancer?
Liver cancer refers to the abnormal growth of cells in the liver. This can either be primary liver cancer, which originates in the liver, or secondary liver cancer, which spreads to the liver from other parts of the body. The most common type of primary liver cancer is
hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which begins in hepatocytes, the main type of liver cell.
What are the Risk Factors?
Several risk factors increase the likelihood of developing liver cancer. Chronic
hepatitis B or
hepatitis C infections are significant risk factors. Other contributors include
cirrhosis, excessive alcohol consumption, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and exposure to aflatoxins, which are harmful substances produced by certain molds on food.
What are the Symptoms?
Early-stage liver cancer often has no symptoms, making it difficult to diagnose until it advances. Some possible symptoms include
unintentional weight loss, loss of appetite, upper abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, general weakness, fatigue, and jaundice, which is characterized by yellowing of the skin and eyes.
How is Liver Cancer Diagnosed?
Diagnosis typically involves a combination of blood tests, imaging techniques, and biopsies. Blood tests can detect elevated levels of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), a marker for liver cancer. Imaging techniques such as
ultrasound, CT scans, and MRI scans are used to visualize the liver. A biopsy, where a small tissue sample is taken from the liver, can confirm the diagnosis.
What are the Treatment Options?
The treatment for liver cancer depends on the stage of the cancer, the patient's overall health, and liver function. Options include surgical resection, where part of the liver is removed, liver
transplantation, and various forms of locoregional therapies such as ablation and embolization. Systemic treatments include targeted therapies, immunotherapies, and chemotherapy.
Can Liver Cancer be Prevented?
Prevention strategies focus on reducing risk factors. Vaccination against hepatitis B can significantly lower the risk of liver cancer. Managing chronic hepatitis B or C infections with antiviral treatments, reducing alcohol consumption, maintaining a healthy weight, and avoiding exposure to aflatoxins are also effective preventive measures.
What is the Prognosis?
The prognosis for liver cancer varies depending on the stage at diagnosis and the patient's overall health. Early detection significantly improves the chances of successful treatment. However, liver cancer is often diagnosed at an advanced stage, which can limit treatment options and reduce survival rates. Regular screening for at-risk individuals can help detect liver cancer earlier.
Is Research Advancing in Liver Cancer?
Yes, research in liver cancer is continuously evolving. Advances in genetic profiling and the understanding of molecular pathways have led to the development of new targeted therapies and immunotherapies. Clinical trials are ongoing to identify more effective treatments and improve patient outcomes.
