What Are Monoclonal Antibodies?
Monoclonal antibodies are laboratory-made molecules that are designed to serve as substitute antibodies that can restore, enhance, or mimic the immune system's attack on cancer cells. These antibodies are created to bind to specific
antigens found on the surface of cancer cells, allowing them to target and neutralize these cells.
How Do Monoclonal Antibodies Work in Cancer Therapy?
Monoclonal antibodies work by recognizing and attaching to specific proteins on the surface of cancer cells. Once bound, they can initiate several different responses. They may directly block the growth of cancer cells, mark them for destruction by the immune system, or deliver toxic substances directly to the cancer cells. They can also inhibit
angiogenesis, preventing the formation of new blood vessels that tumors need to grow.
Naked monoclonal antibodies: These work solely by attaching to cancer cells and do not carry any drugs or radioactive material. An example is
Rituximab, used in certain types of lymphoma.
Conjugated monoclonal antibodies: These are joined to a chemotherapy drug or a radioactive particle. They deliver these toxic substances directly to the cancer cells, minimizing damage to normal cells. An example is
Brentuximab vedotin, used in Hodgkin lymphoma.
Bispecific monoclonal antibodies: These are engineered to attach to two different antigens at the same time, which can bring cancer cells and immune cells together to promote a stronger immune response. An example is
Blinatumomab, used in certain leukemias.
What Are the Benefits of Monoclonal Antibody Therapy?
Monoclonal antibody therapy provides a targeted approach to cancer treatment, which can result in fewer side effects compared to traditional chemotherapy. Because they specifically target cancer cells, they can spare more healthy cells, potentially offering a better quality of life during treatment. Additionally, they can be used in combination with other therapies to improve treatment efficacy.
Are There Any Side Effects Associated with Monoclonal Antibodies?
While monoclonal antibodies tend to have fewer side effects than traditional cancer treatments, they can still cause reactions. Common side effects include infusion-related reactions such as fever, chills, weakness, headache, nausea, and rashes. Some patients may experience more severe reactions, including
anaphylaxis. It's essential for patients to be monitored during and after treatment to manage any adverse effects.
How Are Monoclonal Antibodies Administered?
Monoclonal antibodies are usually administered intravenously, allowing them to enter the bloodstream directly and reach cancer cells throughout the body. The frequency and duration of treatment depend on the specific antibody used, the type and stage of cancer, and the patient's overall health.
What Is the Future of Monoclonal Antibody Therapy in Cancer Treatment?
The future of monoclonal antibody therapy in cancer treatment is promising. Ongoing research is focused on improving their efficacy and expanding their use across different cancer types. New developments include engineered antibodies that can engage the immune system more robustly, such as
immune checkpoint inhibitors, and the use of monoclonal antibodies in
combination therapies to enhance treatment outcomes. As our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of cancer improves, monoclonal antibodies will likely become an increasingly integral part of cancer care.
