Introduction
A physical exam is a crucial component in the diagnosis and management of cancer. This process involves a thorough examination of the body to identify any abnormal signs that may indicate the presence of a malignancy. Here, we will explore various physical exam findings that can suggest cancer. Lumps or Masses: Unexplained lumps or masses can be a sign of cancer, especially if they are hard, irregular, and immobile.
Skin Changes: Changes such as new moles, sores that do not heal, or changes in existing moles could indicate skin cancer.
Unexplained Weight Loss: Significant, unintended weight loss can be a red flag for cancers such as
pancreatic, lung, or stomach cancer.
Lymphadenopathy: Swollen lymph nodes, particularly if they are painless and persist for more than a few weeks, can suggest lymphoma or metastasis.
Breast Cancer: Common findings include a firm, irregular mass in the breast or axilla, skin dimpling, nipple retraction, or discharge.
Prostate Cancer: Digital rectal examination may reveal a hard, irregular prostate.
Colorectal Cancer: A mass may be palpated in the abdomen, or rectal examination may reveal a mass.
Lung Cancer: Physical findings can include unilateral wheezing, decreased breath sounds, or a persistent cough.
Persistent Fatigue: Chronic fatigue not attributable to other causes.
Pain: Persistent pain, particularly if it is localized and has no clear cause.
Unexplained Bleeding: Bleeding without a clear cause, such as blood in the stool, urine, or from the vagina.
Neurological Changes: Symptoms such as headaches, vision changes, or seizures could indicate brain tumors.
Staging: Physical findings help determine the extent of the disease and whether it has spread to other parts of the body, such as the lymph nodes or liver.
Monitoring: Regular physical exams are crucial for detecting recurrence or progression of the disease.
Conclusion
Physical exam findings play a pivotal role in the early detection, diagnosis, and management of cancer. Recognizing common and specific signs can lead to prompt further investigation and treatment, ultimately improving patient outcomes. Regular physical exams are essential, particularly for individuals at higher risk of developing cancer.
