The discovery of proteomic biomarkers involves several steps: 1. Sample Collection: Biological samples from cancer patients and healthy controls are collected. 2. Protein Extraction and Digestion: Proteins are extracted from the samples and digested into peptides. 3. Mass Spectrometry Analysis: Advanced techniques like mass spectrometry are used to identify and quantify the peptides. 4. Data Analysis: Bioinformatics tools help in analyzing the data to identify potential biomarkers. 5. Validation: The identified biomarkers are validated in independent cohorts to confirm their clinical relevance.
