VOCs have been linked to cancer in two primary ways: as potential biomarkers for early detection and as carcinogenic agents. Certain VOCs are produced in higher quantities by cancerous cells compared to normal cells, leading researchers to investigate their use in non-invasive diagnostic techniques. On the other hand, prolonged exposure to certain VOCs, such as benzene and formaldehyde, has been associated with an increased risk of developing cancers, particularly in occupational settings.