Researchers use various methods to determine causality:
1. Epidemiological Studies: Longitudinal studies track large populations over time to identify potential causative factors. For instance, the link between sun exposure and skin cancer was established through such studies.
2. Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs): RCTs are considered the gold standard for establishing causality. Participants are randomly assigned to a treatment or control group to observe the effects of an intervention, minimizing bias.
3. Biological Mechanisms: Understanding the biological pathways can provide compelling evidence for causation. For example, the mechanism by which HPV causes cervical cancer is well-documented.
