Once ingested, PHIP is metabolized by enzymes in the liver, such as cytochrome P450, into reactive metabolites that can bind to DNA and form DNA adducts. These adducts can cause mutations during DNA replication, potentially leading to cancer. Studies have shown that PHIP can induce tumors in various organs, including the colon, prostate, and mammary glands, in animal models. Furthermore, epidemiological studies have suggested a correlation between high PHIP intake and increased cancer risk in humans.
