Tumor invasion is a complex, multi-step process that involves several key mechanisms:
Loss of Cell Adhesion: Cancer cells often lose their ability to adhere to each other. This is frequently due to the downregulation or mutation of E-cadherin, a protein crucial for cell-cell adhesion. Degradation of Extracellular Matrix (ECM): Cancer cells produce enzymes such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) that degrade the ECM, allowing the cells to invade surrounding tissues. Cell Motility: Enhanced motility allows cancer cells to migrate through the degraded ECM. This involves changes in the cytoskeleton and signaling pathways that regulate cell movement.
