1. Biomarker Analysis: Testing for specific biomarkers such as P-glycoprotein levels through immunohistochemistry or PCR can indicate the presence of MDR.
2. Functional Assays: Functional assays that measure the efflux of fluorescent dyes or radiolabeled drugs can assess the activity of efflux pumps.
3. Genomic and Proteomic Profiling: Advanced techniques like genomic sequencing and proteomic analysis can identify mutations and protein expression profiles associated with drug resistance.
