The key genetic changes in cancer typically involve mutations in oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and DNA repair genes.
- Oncogenes: Mutations in these genes result in their activation, leading to uncontrolled cell proliferation. Examples include the RAS and MYC genes. - Tumor Suppressor Genes: These genes normally function to inhibit cell growth and promote apoptosis. Mutations that inactivate these genes, such as TP53 and RB1, remove these critical controls. - DNA Repair Genes: Mutations in genes responsible for DNA repair, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2, lead to genomic instability and increased mutation rates.
