1. Diagnosis and Staging: Accurate diagnosis and staging are crucial for determining the appropriate course of treatment. This involves various diagnostic tests such as biopsies, imaging studies, and blood tests. 2. Treatment Modalities: The primary modalities include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, and hormone therapy. Often, a combination of these treatments is employed for optimal results. 3. Supportive Care: Supportive care addresses the physical, emotional, and psychological needs of the patient. This includes pain management, nutritional support, mental health counseling, and palliative care.