The primary treatment modalities in clinical oncology are:
1. Surgery: Involves the physical removal of tumors. 2. Radiation Therapy: Uses high-energy radiation to kill cancer cells or shrink tumors. 3. Chemotherapy: Utilizes drugs to destroy cancer cells. 4. Immunotherapy: Boosts or restores the ability of the immune system to fight cancer. 5. Targeted Therapy: Uses drugs designed to target specific genetic mutations within cancer cells. 6. Hormonal Therapy: Used mainly in cancers like breast and prostate cancer to block hormones that fuel cancer growth.
