The mechanisms by which oral contraceptives influence cancer risk are complex and multifaceted. Hormonal components like estrogens and progestins play a critical role in cell proliferation and apoptosis. For example, reduced ovulation and hormonal stabilization may lower the risk of ovarian and endometrial cancers. However, hormonal stimulation of breast tissue and the cervical epithelium may elevate the risk of breast and cervical cancers.
