Several genes are known to exhibit pleiotropic effects in cancer: - TP53: As mentioned, mutations in this gene can impact multiple cellular processes, including cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, and DNA repair. - BRCA1 and BRCA2: These genes are involved in DNA repair. Mutations can lead to increased risks for breast, ovarian, and several other cancers. - PIK3CA: Mutations in this gene can activate pathways that promote cell growth and survival, contributing to various cancer types.
