There are several types of molecular markers used in cancer diagnosis and treatment:
1. Genetic Markers: These include mutations, insertions, deletions, and other genetic alterations. Examples include mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, which are linked to a higher risk of breast and ovarian cancers. 2. Epigenetic Markers: These involve changes in gene expression without altering the DNA sequence. An example is the hypermethylation of the MGMT gene in gliomas. 3. Proteomic Markers: Proteins that are differentially expressed in cancerous tissues compared to normal tissues. For example, HER2/neu overexpression is seen in some breast cancers. 4. Metabolic Markers: Changes in the metabolites related to cancer metabolism. An example is the elevated levels of lactate in certain cancers due to altered metabolic pathways.
