What is Gastric Cancer?
Gastric cancer, also known as stomach cancer, originates from the lining of the stomach. It is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. The majority of gastric cancers are
adenocarcinomas, which develop from the cells of the innermost lining of the stomach.
What are the Symptoms?
In the early stages, gastric cancer may present with non-specific symptoms such as indigestion, heartburn, or a sensation of bloating after meals. As the disease progresses, more alarming signs may appear, including
unintentional weight loss, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting (potentially with blood), difficulty swallowing, and noticeable changes in bowel habits. Advanced stages might involve fatigue and a palpable mass in the abdomen.
How is Gastric Cancer Diagnosed?
Diagnosis typically begins with a detailed medical history and physical examination. The primary diagnostic tool for gastric cancer is an
upper endoscopy (esophagogastroduodenoscopy or EGD), where a flexible tube with a camera is used to visualize the stomach lining and obtain biopsies of suspicious areas. Additional tests may include imaging studies like
CT scans,
PET scans, and
endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) to assess the extent of the disease.
What Treatment Options are Available?
Treatment for gastric cancer depends on the stage of the disease, the patient's overall health, and other individual factors. Options include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy.
Surgery: This is the most common treatment for early-stage gastric cancer and may involve removing part or all of the stomach (gastrectomy) along with nearby lymph nodes.
Chemotherapy: Often used before surgery (neoadjuvant) to shrink the tumor or after surgery (adjuvant) to kill remaining cancer cells.
Radiation Therapy: Used in combination with chemotherapy to target cancer cells.
Targeted Therapy: Drugs designed to target specific aspects of cancer cells, such as HER2 proteins, which some gastric cancers overexpress.
Immunotherapy: Uses the body's immune system to fight cancer, particularly in advanced cases.
What is the Prognosis?
The prognosis for gastric cancer varies significantly based on the stage at diagnosis. Early detection and treatment are crucial for a better outcome. Unfortunately, gastric cancer is often diagnosed at an advanced stage when the prognosis is less favorable. The 5-year survival rate for localized gastric cancer is about 70%, but drops significantly for advanced cases.
How Can Gastric Cancer be Prevented?
While not all cases of gastric cancer can be prevented, certain lifestyle modifications can reduce the risk. These include maintaining a healthy diet rich in fruits and vegetables, reducing the intake of smoked and salted foods, quitting smoking, and managing underlying conditions like H. pylori infections and chronic gastritis. Regular medical check-ups and screenings for those at high risk can also aid in early detection.
Conclusion
Gastric cancer remains a significant global health challenge. Understanding its risk factors, symptoms, and treatment options can lead to earlier detection and better management of the disease. Ongoing research and advances in medical technology continue to improve the prognosis and quality of life for those affected by gastric cancer.
