What is Helicobacter pylori?
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a type of bacteria that infects the stomach lining. It is one of the most common infections worldwide, often acquired during childhood. Although many people with H. pylori never experience symptoms, the bacteria can cause various gastrointestinal diseases, including
gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.
How is H. pylori linked to cancer?
H. pylori infection is a well-established risk factor for
stomach cancer, also known as gastric cancer. The World Health Organization classifies H. pylori as a Group 1 carcinogen, meaning it is a definite cause of cancer in humans. The bacterium induces chronic inflammation in the stomach lining, which can lead to precancerous changes and eventually cancer.
What types of cancer are associated with H. pylori infection?
Primarily, H. pylori is associated with two types of cancer:
Who is at risk of developing cancer from H. pylori?
While H. pylori infection is widespread, only a small percentage of infected individuals develop cancer. Factors that increase the risk include:
Genetic predisposition: Certain genetic markers may increase susceptibility.
Environmental factors: Diets high in salt and low in fruits and vegetables can exacerbate the risk.
Smoking: Tobacco use increases the likelihood of cancer development.
Long-standing infection: Chronic infection increases the risk of cancerous changes.
How is H. pylori infection diagnosed?
H. pylori infection can be diagnosed using several methods:
Urea breath test: This non-invasive test detects carbon isotopes in the breath after ingestion of a urea solution.
Stool antigen test: A stool sample is tested for the presence of H. pylori antigens.
Endoscopy and biopsy: A more invasive procedure where a tissue sample from the stomach lining is taken and tested for H. pylori.
Blood test for antibodies: Detects antibodies against H. pylori but is less commonly used due to lower accuracy.
The standard treatment for H. pylori infection is a combination of antibiotics and acid-suppressing medications, known as
triple therapy or
quadruple therapy. This regimen usually includes:
Two antibiotics, such as clarithromycin and amoxicillin or metronidazole, to eradicate the bacteria.
A proton pump inhibitor (PPI) like omeprazole to reduce stomach acid and enhance antibiotic effectiveness.
Sometimes, a bismuth compound is added to the regimen for better eradication rates.
Can treating H. pylori reduce cancer risk?
Eradicating H. pylori from the stomach lining has been shown to decrease the risk of developing gastric cancer, especially if treatment is administered before precancerous lesions develop. It is particularly beneficial in high-risk populations and may also lead to regression of MALT lymphoma in some cases.
Are there preventive measures for H. pylori infection?
While there is currently no vaccine for H. pylori, certain lifestyle modifications can reduce the risk of infection and its complications:
Practicing good hygiene, such as regular handwashing, can help prevent transmission.
Consuming a balanced diet rich in fruits and vegetables may mitigate the effects of infection.
Avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol consumption can reduce overall cancer risk.
