Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) is a hormone produced primarily during pregnancy by the placenta. It is well-known for its role in maintaining the corpus luteum during the initial stages of pregnancy. However, hCG can also be produced by certain
tumors and thus serves as a biomarker in various types of cancer.
hCG levels can be measured using blood or urine tests. These tests are sensitive and can detect even low levels of the hormone. In the context of cancer, serum hCG tests are more commonly used to monitor the progression of the disease and the response to
treatment.
While elevated hCG levels can suggest the presence of certain cancers, it is not solely diagnostic. Other conditions, such as pregnancy and certain non-cancerous diseases, can also cause elevated hCG levels. Therefore, it is used in conjunction with other diagnostic tools, such as imaging and biopsy, to confirm a cancer diagnosis.
The cancers most commonly associated with elevated hCG levels include:
Additionally, some rare cases of other cancers, such as
lung or
stomach cancer, may also produce hCG.
hCG levels are monitored regularly during treatment for cancers that produce this hormone. A decrease in hCG levels usually indicates that the treatment is effective, whereas stable or increasing levels may suggest that the cancer is not responding to treatment. This helps doctors adjust
therapeutic strategies accordingly.
Yes, there are limitations. Elevated hCG is not specific to cancer and can be seen in other conditions. False positives may occur, leading to unnecessary anxiety or further testing. Additionally, not all tumors associated with these cancers produce hCG, so a normal hCG level does not completely rule out the presence of cancer.
Research and future directions
Ongoing research is exploring the role of hCG in cancer biology, including its potential as a therapeutic target. Scientists are investigating how hCG and its variants contribute to tumor growth and progression. Advances in this area could lead to novel
treatment options and improved diagnostic accuracy.
