What is the Rectum?
The
rectum is the final section of the large intestine, terminating at the anus. It plays a crucial role in the digestive system by storing feces until they are ready to be expelled from the body. Given its location and function, the rectum is subject to various health issues, including cancer.
What is Rectal Cancer?
Rectal cancer refers to cancer that develops in the tissues of the rectum. It is often grouped with colon cancer and collectively referred to as colorectal cancer. This type of cancer typically begins as a growth called a
polyp on the inner lining of the rectum, which can become cancerous over time.
Age: Most cases are diagnosed in people aged 50 and older.
Family History: A history of colorectal cancer in immediate family members increases risk.
Diet: Diets high in red and processed meats may contribute to a higher risk.
Lifestyle: Smoking, heavy alcohol use, and lack of physical activity can also be contributing factors.
Chronic Conditions: Conditions like inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) may increase the likelihood of developing rectal cancer.
Change in bowel habits, such as diarrhea, constipation, or narrowing of the stool.
Rectal bleeding or blood in the stool.
Persistent abdominal discomfort, such as cramps, gas, or pain.
A feeling that the bowel does not empty completely.
Weakness or fatigue.
Unexplained weight loss.
Colonoscopy: A procedure that allows the doctor to view the inside of the rectum and colon using a flexible, lighted tube.
Biopsy: During a colonoscopy, a tissue sample may be taken for laboratory analysis.
Imaging tests such as CT scans, MRIs, and
PET scans to determine the extent of the cancer.
Blood tests to check for specific markers associated with cancer.
What are the Treatment Options?
Treatment for rectal cancer depends on the stage and location of the cancer, as well as the patient’s overall health. Common treatment options include:
Surgery: The most common treatment, which may involve removing the cancerous section of the rectum.
Radiation Therapy: Often used before surgery to shrink the tumor or after surgery to eliminate remaining cancer cells.
Chemotherapy: Uses drugs to destroy cancer cells and is often used in conjunction with other treatments.
Targeted Therapy: Involves drugs that specifically target cancer cell mechanisms, often with fewer side effects than chemotherapy.
Immunotherapy: Helps boost the body's natural defenses to fight the cancer.
Regular
screenings such as colonoscopies, especially for those over 50 or with a family history.
Maintaining a healthy
diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.
Exercise regularly to maintain a healthy weight.
Avoiding tobacco and limiting alcohol consumption.
What is the Prognosis?
The prognosis for rectal cancer depends on several factors, including the stage at diagnosis and the patient's overall health. Early detection significantly improves the likelihood of successful treatment. According to various studies, the five-year survival rate for localized rectal cancer is approximately 90%, but this rate drops if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.
