What is Squamous Cell Carcinoma?
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a type of cancer that originates in the squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells found on the surface of the skin, as well as in the lining of various organs, including the lungs, mouth, and throat. SCC is the second most common form of
skin cancer following basal cell carcinoma.
What Causes Squamous Cell Carcinoma?
The primary cause of SCC is prolonged exposure to
ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or tanning beds. Other risk factors include exposure to certain chemicals, a weakened immune system, and a history of severe sunburns. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection has also been linked to SCC, particularly in the mouth and throat.
What Are the Symptoms?
Symptoms of SCC can vary depending on the location of the cancer. Common signs include:
A persistent, scaly red patch with irregular borders that may bleed easily.
An open sore that persists for weeks.
A raised growth with a central depression that occasionally bleeds.
A wart-like growth.
If SCC develops internally, symptoms may include difficulty swallowing, persistent cough, or changes in voice.
How is Squamous Cell Carcinoma Diagnosed?
Diagnosis typically involves a physical examination followed by a
biopsy of the suspicious area. Imaging tests like X-rays, CT scans, or MRIs may also be used to determine the extent of the cancer, especially if it is suspected to have spread.
Surgical excision: The tumor and some surrounding tissue are removed.
Mohs surgery: A precise surgical technique where layers of cancer-containing skin are progressively removed and examined until only cancer-free tissue remains.
Radiation therapy: High-energy rays are used to kill the cancer cells.
Cryotherapy: The cancer cells are frozen using liquid nitrogen.
Topical treatments: Medications applied directly to the skin to treat early-stage SCC.
What is the Prognosis for Squamous Cell Carcinoma?
When detected early, SCC is highly treatable and often curable. However, if left untreated, it can grow larger, invade deeper tissues, and spread to other parts of the body (metastasize), making treatment more challenging. Regular skin checks and early intervention are crucial for a favorable prognosis.
Limiting sun exposure, especially during peak hours.
Using
broad-spectrum sunscreen with an SPF of 30 or higher.
Wearing protective clothing, hats, and sunglasses.
Avoiding tanning beds.
Regularly checking your skin for any changes and consulting a dermatologist for routine screenings.
Additionally, avoiding smoking and limiting alcohol consumption can reduce the risk of SCC in the mouth and throat.
Are There Any Ongoing Research and Developments?
Researchers are continually exploring new treatments and preventive measures for SCC. Current studies are focusing on the role of
immunotherapy and targeted therapies, which aim to boost the immune system's ability to fight cancer or target specific cancer cells. Advances in genetic research are also providing insights into the molecular mechanisms of SCC, paving the way for personalized treatment options.
