CAFs contribute to tumor growth through several mechanisms. They secrete various growth factors, cytokines, and chemokines that promote cancer cell proliferation and survival. For instance, CAFs produce transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), which can induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in cancer cells, enhancing their invasive properties. Additionally, CAFs can remodel the extracellular matrix (ECM), creating a supportive environment for tumor expansion.