Cancer cells develop fault tolerance through multiple mechanisms, including genetic mutations, epigenetic modifications, and alterations in cellular signaling pathways. These changes enable cancer cells to adapt to hostile environments, such as low oxygen levels and limited nutrient supply, which would typically be inhospitable to normal cells. For example, mutations in the TP53 gene, which plays a crucial role in regulating the cell cycle and apoptosis, can prevent cancer cells from undergoing programmed cell death.
