Optical biosensors function by converting a biological response into an optical signal. This conversion process involves a biorecognition element (such as an antibody, enzyme, or nucleic acid) that specifically interacts with the target analyte. When the target analyte binds to the biorecognition element, it induces a change in the optical properties (e.g., fluorescence, absorbance, or refractive index) of the sensor, which can then be measured and analyzed.
