Cancer cells often have dysregulated signaling pathways that promote growth, survival, and metastasis. Key pathways involved include the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, the MAPK/ERK pathway, and the WNT pathway. Mutations in components of these pathways can lead to their constant activation. For instance, mutations in the PIK3CA gene, encoding the p110α subunit of PI3K, can lead to hyperactivation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, promoting cellular survival and growth.
