Monitoring CDK activity in cancer patients is critical for assessing the efficacy of CDK inhibitors and adjusting treatment strategies. Biomarkers such as phosphorylated retinoblastoma protein (pRB) and Cyclin D1 levels can provide insights into CDK activity. Advances in imaging techniques and liquid biopsy approaches, such as circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) analysis, are also being investigated for real-time monitoring of CDK activity in patients.