The process typically involves the collection of cells from blood, bone marrow, or tumor tissue. These cells are then cultured to encourage cell division, since chromosomes are most visible during mitosis. Once sufficient cell division is achieved, the chromosomes are stained and examined under a microscope. Advanced techniques such as fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and spectral karyotyping can also be used to enhance detection of complex chromosomal alterations.
