Several challenges can arise during antibody incubation, including: - Non-Specific Binding: This can lead to background noise and false-positive results. - Antibody Quality: Low-quality antibodies may have poor specificity or affinity for the target protein. - Sample Variability: Differences in sample preparation and handling can affect the results. - Optimization: Finding the right conditions (e.g., antibody concentration, incubation time) can be time-consuming.