1. Volume: The sheer volume of data generated is immense. High-throughput sequencing and imaging technologies produce vast amounts of data. 2. Variety: Data comes in various formats, requiring different storage and management solutions. 3. Velocity: The speed at which new data is generated necessitates scalable and rapid storage solutions. 4. Security and Privacy: Patient data must be stored in a manner that ensures HIPAA compliance and protects patient confidentiality.