The major components of the PI3K-Akt pathway include:
1. PI3K: Activated by receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) or G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), PI3K converts PIP2 to PIP3. 2. Akt: Once recruited to the plasma membrane by PIP3, Akt is activated through phosphorylation by PDK1 and mTORC2. 3. PTEN: This lipid phosphatase dephosphorylates PIP3 back to PIP2, acting as a negative regulator of the pathway.
