The role of TNF-α in cancer is mediated through various mechanisms:
Apoptosis: TNF-α can trigger cell death pathways through its receptors, TNFR1 and TNFR2, leading to apoptosis in tumor cells. However, the effectiveness of this mechanism varies between different types of cancers. Inflammation: Chronic inflammation induced by TNF-α can create a tumor-promoting environment. Inflammatory cells and cytokines can contribute to DNA damage, promoting mutations and tumor progression. Angiogenesis: TNF-α can stimulate the formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis) which supply nutrients and oxygen to tumors, aiding in their growth and metastasis. Immune Modulation: TNF-α can modulate the immune response, either enhancing anti-tumor immunity or contributing to immune evasion by the tumor.
