Several challenges complicate the targeting of TNF-α in cancer treatment:
Heterogeneity: Different types of cancers and even different cells within a tumor may respond variably to TNF-α, making it difficult to predict outcomes. Side Effects: Anti-TNF therapies can have significant side effects, including increased risk of infections and potential development of other malignancies. Resistance: Tumors may develop resistance to TNF-α-based therapies, necessitating combination approaches or novel strategies to overcome this resistance.
