Several mechanisms can lead to the dysregulation of cyclin D in cancer:
1. Gene amplification: The CCND1 gene, which encodes cyclin D, is often amplified in cancer cells. 2. Translocations: Chromosomal translocations involving CCND1 can result in its overexpression. 3. Mutations: Mutations in regulatory elements can lead to increased transcription of the cyclin D gene. 4. Signaling pathways: Aberrant activation of upstream signaling pathways, such as the PI3K/Akt pathway, can increase cyclin D levels.
