The transformation of normal cells into cancer cells is a complex process driven by multiple factors:
Genetic mutations: Changes in DNA sequences can activate oncogenes and deactivate tumor suppressor genes. Epigenetic modifications: Chemical changes to DNA and histones can affect gene expression without altering the DNA sequence. Environmental factors: Exposure to carcinogens such as tobacco smoke, radiation, and certain chemicals can induce mutations. Viral infections: Certain viruses, like human papillomavirus (HPV), can insert their DNA into host cells and promote cancer development.
