Signaling molecules are crucial in the transmission of signals from one cell to another, thereby influencing cellular activities such as growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. In cancer, these signaling pathways are often dysregulated. Key signaling molecules include cytokines, growth factors, and hormones. For example, the EGFR (Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor) signaling pathway is often upregulated in cancers such as lung and colorectal cancer.
