What are Myelomas?
Myelomas are a type of cancer that originates in the plasma cells, which are a kind of white blood cell responsible for producing antibodies. These abnormal plasma cells, often termed as myeloma cells, accumulate in the bone marrow and interfere with the production of normal blood cells. The most common form is
Multiple Myeloma, although other types like solitary plasmacytoma can also occur.
How Common are Myelomas?
Myelomas represent about 1% of all cancers and approximately 10% of all hematologic (blood) cancers. The
incidence of myeloma increases with age, and it is more commonly diagnosed in older adults. The disease is slightly more common in men than in women and also shows a higher prevalence among African Americans.
What are the Symptoms of Myelomas?
Symptoms of myelomas can be quite varied and may include persistent bone pain, frequent infections, anemia, fatigue, and kidney dysfunction. One of the hallmark features is the presence of elevated calcium levels in the blood (hypercalcemia). These
symptoms often lead to further medical investigations that may reveal the disease.
How is Myeloma Diagnosed?
Diagnosis typically involves a combination of blood tests, urine tests, imaging studies, and bone marrow biopsy. Blood tests like serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP) and serum free light chain assay are commonly used to detect abnormal proteins produced by myeloma cells.
Imaging techniques such as X-rays, MRI, and CT scans help identify bone lesions, while a bone marrow biopsy confirms the presence of myeloma cells.
- Chemotherapy: Utilizes drugs to kill cancer cells or stop their growth.
- Targeted Therapy: Focuses on specific molecules involved in the growth and survival of myeloma cells.
- Immunotherapy: Boosts the body’s immune system to fight the cancer.
- Stem Cell Transplant: Replaces diseased bone marrow with healthy stem cells.
- Radiation Therapy: Uses high-energy rays to destroy cancer cells.
What is the Prognosis of Myelomas?
The prognosis for myeloma patients varies depending on several factors, including the stage of the disease at diagnosis, patient’s age, overall health, and response to treatment. While myeloma remains incurable, recent advances in
treatment have significantly improved survival rates. Many patients can live for several years with a good quality of life.
- Age: The risk increases with age.
- Gender: Men are more likely to develop myeloma than women.
- Race: Higher incidence in African Americans.
- Family History: Having a close relative with myeloma may increase the risk.
- Exposure to Radiation or Chemicals: Past exposure to certain types of radiation or chemicals like benzene.
How Can Myelomas be Prevented?
Currently, there is no known way to prevent myeloma entirely due to its complex and multifactorial nature. However, maintaining a healthy lifestyle, avoiding known carcinogens, and regular medical check-ups can help in early
detection and management of the disease.
What Research is Being Conducted on Myelomas?
Ongoing research aims to understand the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying myeloma. Clinical trials are investigating new therapies, including CAR-T cell therapy and novel
targeted agents. These advances hold promise for more effective treatments and potentially finding a cure in the future.
